Technical Insight
ESD Why using only surface resistance in plastic specifications is not enough
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT), Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP), and Antimony Tin Oxide (ATO) are screening candidates. In the practical review of writing ESD specifications for trays, totes, films, and housings, comparing product names or supplier representative figures alone is not sufficient. First, the required functions of the final part or film, acceptable appearance and processing range, and actual test conditions must be defined. Then, candidate materials must be compared under the same base material, thickness, process, and conditioning conditions to obtain meaningful conclusions.
Author: Aurexene Materials Engineering Team · Last updated: 2026-08-28
Quick Answer
In the practical review of writing ESD specifications for trays, totes, films, and housings, comparing product names or supplier representative figures alone is not sufficient. First, the required functions of the final part or film, acceptable appearance and processing range, and actual test conditions must be defined. Then, candidate materials must be compared under the same base material, thickness, process, and conditioning conditions to obtain meaningful conclusions.
Problem
ESD and conductive performance depends on the network formed in the final part or coating, not on the filler name alone. Resin, dispersion, loading, flow, thickness, humidity, and measurement geometry can shift resistance substantially.
Mechanism
Conductive particles must form a connected network across the relevant geometry. Network continuity can be changed by agglomeration, selective phase location, shear, orientation, weld lines, dilution, curing, or post-molding relaxation.
Tradeoff
Moving farther above the percolation threshold can stabilize resistance but may reduce impact strength, elongation, color freedom, surface quality, viscosity, or processability. Qualification must cover both electrical distribution and non-electrical requirements.
Material Strategy
Use the following decision sequence to define the host system, compare candidate materials, establish a process window, and confirm the final part. The guidance is method-conditioned and does not replace grade-specific data or application testing.
key answers
In the practical review of writing ESD specifications for trays, totes, films, and housings, comparing product names or supplier representative figures alone is not sufficient. First, the required functions of the final part or film, acceptable appearance and processing range, and actual test conditions must be defined. Then, candidate materials must be compared under the same base material, thickness, process, and conditioning conditions to obtain meaningful conclusions.
This page does not claim that any particular grade is superior to all systems. The function of the material depends on the resin or binder, particle dispersion, addition amount, shape, process and measurement method. Before purchasing, you must check what composition, test specimen, and method the values in the technical data were obtained from, and conduct an evaluation that reflects actual mass production conditions.
Usage scenarios and risk definitions
The ‘Use Scenarios and Risk Definition’ item should be treated as an independent decision-making criterion in writing ESD specifications for trays, totes, films, and housings. First, target values, measurement methods, allowable deviations, and failure criteria are documented and then candidate materials are compared. If conditions are not fixed, it is difficult to distinguish between material differences and test deviations.
Evaluation results include not only average values but also repeated measurements and ranges. When the goal is not met, the cause is identified by separating additives, base material, dispersion, process, specimen shape, and measurement conditions in that order.
Surface resistance, volume resistance, ground resistance
In the ‘Surface Resistance, Volume Resistance, and Ground Resistance’ categories, it is dangerous to pass a material with only a single resistance value. The conductive network is affected not only by the amount added, but also by filler distribution, flow direction, specimen thickness, measurement location, humidity and thermal history. Especially in the sections before and after percolation, small process deviations can lead to large resistance deviations.
First determine whether surface resistance, volume resistance, or ground resistance describes the actual risk of use. It can be used as a supply specification only when repeated measurements are made under the same conditioning and electrode conditions, and the molding location, direction, and distribution by lot are recorded.
Humidity and Conditioning
The ‘Humidity and Conditioning’ section should be treated as an independent decision-making criterion in writing ESD specifications for trays, totes, films, and housings. First, target values, measurement methods, allowable deviations, and failure criteria are documented and then candidate materials are compared. If conditions are not fixed, it is difficult to distinguish between material differences and test deviations.
Evaluation results include not only average values but also repeated measurements and ranges. When the goal is not met, the cause is identified by separating additives, base material, dispersion, process, specimen shape, and measurement conditions in that order.
Measurement location and electrode
The ‘Measurement location and electrode’ item should be treated as an independent decision-making criterion in writing ESD specifications for trays, totes, films, and housings. First, target values, measurement methods, allowable deviations, and failure criteria are documented and then candidate materials are compared. If conditions are not fixed, it is difficult to distinguish between material differences and test deviations.
Evaluation results include not only average values but also repeated measurements and ranges. When the goal is not met, the cause is identified by separating additives, base material, dispersion, process, specimen shape, and measurement conditions in that order.
Aging, cleaning, lot tolerance range
‘Aging, cleaning, lot tolerance’ items must be managed with separate acceptance criteria from initial performance. Exposure temperature, time, humidity, UV conditions, cleaning agent, friction load and number of repetitions are defined according to the actual use environment. The expression “excellent durability” without conditions cannot be used in purchasing decisions.
Functional value, color, appearance, adhesion or physical properties are measured using the same method before and after the test. When failure occurs, isolate and determine whether the cause is the material itself, dispersion, interface, curing, geometry, or specimen fabrication.
Recommended Evaluation Procedure
- Target functions and failure conditions are defined by numerical or observation criteria.
- A standard specimen is created using the base material, additive package, and substrate that will be used in mass production.
- Rather than changing all variables at once, compare material types, addition amounts and key process conditions step by step.
- In addition to initial functionality, appearance, processability, mechanical or adhesive properties and required durability are measured.
- The optimal conditions are repeated on different raw material lots, on different dates, and in actual production facilities to confirm the process window.
The test report includes the name of raw materials, lot, mixing, specimen thickness and shape, equipment, temperature, time, speed, conditioning, and measurement method. Without this information, it is difficult to fairly compare results between suppliers or between lab and mass production.
Information to provide to suppliers
- Exact type and grade of base resin, binder or substrate
- Target function value, measurement method and tolerance range
- Limitations on color, transparency, surface, viscosity or mechanical properties
- Mixing, extrusion, injection, application, drying or curing conditions
- Thickness, shape and usage environment of specimens and final parts
- Required TDS, SDS, regulatory documentation and change management level
- Evaluation sample quantity, development schedule and expected mass production scale
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I select a grade based solely on representative values from the datasheet?
Representative values are useful for narrowing down candidates, but are insufficient as a basis for final selection. If the test composition, method, thickness and conditions are different from the actual system, the same results cannot be expected.
Is the highest dosage safest?
Not really. Higher additions may increase functionality but may worsen viscosity, torque, brittleness, color, haze, surface or cost. We need to find the minimum range that reliably satisfies the goal.
Can laboratory results be directly applied to series production?
Equipment size, shear, residence time, heat history and part geometry will vary and should not be applied without confirmation. It must be re-verified step by step in pilot and mass production facilities.
Request evaluation samples and technical reviews
Organize your testing requirements by sending us your part usage and existing specifications. Please include the above input information with your request. The more specific the information, the faster you can narrow down the appropriate supply form - powder, masterbatch, or dispersion - and reduce unnecessary repetitive testing.
Recommended Architectures
- Use a matched baseline with the intended host resin, binder, substrate, color package, thickness, and geometry.
- Screen supplied form, loading, dispersion, and process variables in a bounded matrix.
- Advance only candidates that meet functional, processing, appearance, mechanical, and durability requirements together.
- Repeat the accepted window on production-relevant equipment and multiple raw-material lots.
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Downloads & Engineering Support
Review the related Dispersion Engineering Overview Video, then request an application-specific technical review.
Need to apply this boundary to a grade, formulation, test method, or production route? Discuss it with the Aurexene Materials Engineering Team.